Semantic and Functional Peculiarities of Preposition in Modern English free essay sample

Understanding the significance of the English language an ever increasing number of individuals on the planet need to learn and to know English. Relational words present more issues for the non-local speaker or student of English than some other grammatical form, since they are not utilized similarly in various dialects. This theme was examined by such analysts and researchers as Tom Cole, Yates Jean, James Heaton, Seth Lindstromberg, O’Dowd Elizabeth, Prieur Charles amp; Speyer Elizabeth. Article †relational words in Modern English. Subject †grouping of relational words in Modern English and their use. Point †to feature distinctive arrangement of English relational words and clarify their use. Destinations †1. Give general qualities of the relational word as a grammatical feature. 2. Uncover the Morphological order of English relational words. 3. Describe utilitarian classes of the relational words. 4. Look at the Idiomatic articulations with relational words and their discourse capacities. Strategies †1. Examination of the logical writing on sentence structure of the English language 2. We will compose a custom exposition test on Semantic and Functional Peculiarities of Preposition in Modern English or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Examination, juxtaposition of the data and speculation of the research’s results. Section 1. 1. General qualities of the relational word as a grammatical feature Learning about the grammatical features is the initial phase in language structure concentrate similarly as learning the letters of the letters in order is the initial step to having the option to peruse and compose. From learning the grammatical features we start to comprehend the utilization or capacity of words and how words are consolidated to makeâ meaningful correspondence. [13]. ‘In present day phonetics, grammatical features are separated based on the three rules: â€Å"semantic†, â€Å"formal† and â€Å"functional†. As per the portrayed measures, words on the upper degree of order are isolated into notional and functional’ [5]. Relational word has a place with the useful grammatical features and communicates the conditions and interdependencies of considerable referents. 1) Meaning. The importance of relational words is clearly that of relations among things and marvels. 2) Form. Relational words are constant. 3) Function. (a) Prepositions go into phrases in which they are gone before by a thing, descriptor, numeral, stative, action word or verb modifier, and followed by a thing, modifier, numeral or pronoun. b) In a sentence a relational word never is a different piece of it. It goes along with the accompanying word to frame an article, verb-modifying modifier, predicative or trait, and in incredibly uncommon cases a subject. [7] A relational word is a word which shows the connections between a thing or a pronoun and other word in the sentence. Relational words are generally (however not generally) set before thing or pronoun which they administer. Relational words are use so as to include accentuation in the sentences. These words are frequently compound with different grammatical features like conjunctions, action words and even with modifiers. At the point when that occurs, it step by step frames another word which goes about as a relational word and therefore giving all the more importance in the sentence. The lexical importance of the relational word is somewhat indistinct. The capacity of relational words in English is to interface things (and thing like developments) to different pieces of the sentence. It is difficult to talk or comprehend English well without a decent information on the utilization and significance of relational words, and this information can't be procured from the word reference; it ust be picked up practically speaking and experience. Most relational words are short words, and they are quite often spoken with frail worry in the sentence. The audience must be alert for them. By and by, these little words convey significant components of importance, as we have seen. [9] They express such thoughts as area, goal, course of movement, time, way, operator, and numerous others. Relational words and prepos itional expression perform ten principle syntactic capacities inside sentences in the English language. There are ten principle elements of relational words and prepositional expressions: 1. Head of relational word express 2. Thing phrase modifier 3. Thing phrase supplement 4. Descriptor state modifier 5. Descriptive word state supplement 6. Action word state modifier 7. Action word express supplement 8. Subordinate 9. Word intensifying 10. Molecule 11. These capacities are talked about in the accompanying passages. Heads of Prepositional Phrases. Relational words first capacity as the heads of prepositional expressions. The leader of an expression is the characterizing word kind of that state. For instance, the heads of thing phrases are things, and the heads of action word phrases are action words. Modifiers of Phrases. Prepositional expressions also work as modifiers and supplements of thing phrases, descriptive word expressions, and action word phrases. Words and expressions that work as modifiers adjust or characterize different words and expressions. Supplements of Phrases. Words and expressions that work as supplements act to finish the importance of different words and expressions. The primary distinction among modifiers and supplements is that modifiers are discretionary and can be supplanted by any number of other prepositional expressions while supplements are regularly required. Subordinates and Adverbials. Prepositional expressions additionally work as subordinates and adverbials in sentences. Assistants outline a whole sentence and are discretionary. Adverbials are like aides since adverbials likewise give extra data about a whole sentence and are discretionary. Adverbials, be that as it may, express data, for example, time, place, way, condition, reason, or motivation behind a whole sentence. Subordinates and adverbials are both discretionary in light of the fact that their expansion and expulsion doesn't change the significance of the primary sentence. Particles. At long last, relational words work as particles in phrasal action words. Phrasal action words are action words that comprise of an action word and at least one relational words. In this way, relational word is an utilitarian grammatical feature which capacity is to associate things or pronouns to other word in the sentence. They can work in the sentence as heads of prepositional expression, modifiers of expressions, supplements of expressions, assistants, adverbials and particles. [12] 1. 2. Morphological order of English relational words There are a great deal of characterizations of the relational words as per various rules. Researchers have a few contrasts in grouping of this grammatical form. On its shape the relational words are isolated on basic, perplexing or compound. It is the most widely recognized characterization. The basic relational words are those which are not dividable on componential parts. We allude here the most antiquated English relational words which are for the most part monosyllabic, for example, in, on, at, by, to, with, from, of and so forth. Basic relational words can have a changed number of semantic and relevant implications. Compound relational words can be separated into two gatherings: * two-word units (a word + a straightforward relational word, for example, aside from * three-word units (a basic relational word + a thing + a basic relational word, for example, by methods for. 14] The Compound relational words for the most part make them mean, comparing to the importance of a significant word falling into the compound of the relational word. Composite or phrasal relational words incorporate an expression of another class and a couple of relational words, as in by goodness of, however for, as a result of, by methods for, r ather than, because of, gratitude to, concerning, inverse to, before, for, disregarding, for, aside from, due to, notwithstanding, as to, in the interest of, in accordance with. A composite relational word is indissoluble both linguistically and semantically, that is, no component of it very well may be fluctuated, contracted, or reached out as indicated by the typical principles of sentence structure. There are additionally determined relational words which are framed from different words, basically participles: aside from, concerning, considering, following, including, during, depending, in truth, past, with the exception of . [8] According to the† English Prepositions Explained† by Seth Lindstromberg there are following grouping: Table 1. Arrangement by particularity of meaning[2] General| Specific| yinonunder | nearby, adjacent to, close to, in front of†¦Into, inside, withinonto, on top ofbelow, underneath, underneath| Classification by state of the Landmark [2] 1. The Landmark is viewed as a holder/walled in area, space, or medium (e. g. water, air): * It’s in/out of the room. (area) * It went into/out of/through the room. (devel opment along a way) * It dispersed papers all through/all through the room. (circulation) 2. The Landmark is viewed as a surface: * It’s lying on/off/over the rug. (area) * It went onto/off/over the floor covering. development along a way) * It dissipated papers the whole way across the floor covering. (dispersion) 3. The Landmark is viewed as long and limited: * There’s a jettison along the street. (area) * Go along the street. (development along a way) * They dispersed litter up and down the street. (appropriation) 4. The Landmark is viewed as a point on a potential or genuine way: * It’s toward/at/away from the school. (area) * We went to/from/through the school. (development along a way) The totally different characterization is appeared in this table says generally small regarding word importance by any means: Table 2. Arrangement by (in)transitivity [2] Grammaticalbehavior| Exampleprepositions| Exampleof ordinary usage| Exampleof odd usage| Transitive | into| He collided with a tree. | He collided with. (I. e. There must be a syntactic object)| Transitive orintransitive| in| Let’s go in the house. Let’s go in. | - | Intransitive| away| Go away. | Go away me. (I. e. there can be nogrammatical object. )| Table 3. Grouping by number of very particular implications [2] Few meanings| Several meanings| underneath toward(s) away beneath against of on| by| Table 4. Arrangement by freque

Managed Healtcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Overseen Healtcare - Assignment Example His may prompt deception on the different parts of sickness the board that require more or dire consideration There have been significant changes in the nature of the board development since the 1970s to current day. The evolvement has prompted progressively far reaching perspectives on infections the executives and one that offers a precise record of what it speaks to and envelops. Before, quality suppliers felt that making noteworthy improvement in the wellbeing status of Americans implied tending to incessant infection for huge gatherings of individuals, not single patients each in turn. In any case, the oversaw care framework in this time is progressively centered around guaranteeing that every patient gets high caliber. The oversaw care associations at that point began looking as patients as people and not as a gathering of people experiencing a specific ceaseless sickness that should be disposed of. Along these lines, the consideration framework turned out to be increasingly persistent focused. This was the manner by which the improvement produced to the oversaw care framework that we have in today’s

Based on your tradition Christianity and the decisions you make based Essay

In light of your convention Christianity and the choices you make dependent on your qualities and ethics, what is the best possible job for YOU in your own work as a technolog - Essay Example Considering all these reality an inquiry emerges for every single individual at some point or another, whichs what is the best possible job for the resident in the general public. What would it be advisable for us to accomplish for to keep the earth we live in adjusted, and wonderful to abide in? Is it accurate to say that we are obliged to add to the general public we live in? Each individual needs to locate his own answer, or responds in due order regarding these inquiries. Those answers come following quite a while of life; they are directed by the sorts of experience the individual has. Along these lines, as I would see it, each perspective, thinking about this inquiry is important and valid here and there, and we reserve no privilege to toss stones at individuals whose conclusion is by one way or another not quite the same as our own. As every single person who harps on our planet I have my own answer on this inquiry. I dont believe it to be the main valid, nor do I figure it to be appropriate for most of individuals in my nation. My judgment on the job of the person in the general public is directed by my social, and, what is even of more noteworthy significance, strict foundation. The particular of my work expects me to know about the reasons and standards which manage me in my dynamic procedure. Indeed I am a Technology Manager answerable for the innovation to help preparing and content administration to our outer and inner clients. I am one of the leaders and I am in direct contact with senior level officials giving info and assessments on dynamic. My staff comprises of 8 individuals in which I should oversee and give solid authority. Hence I believe I need to have profound comprehension of the standards which control me in my work, in my dynamic procedure, and in my associations with the partners and senior officials. I feel this undertaking can assist me with having an understanding into my qualities and convictions; it can help me in improving my dynamic and initiative aptitudes. Indeed the qualities and ethics that direct me in my reality are

How Hard is SAT Reading

Reading! How hard could it be, right? We are talking about the SAT, though, and we know that this test likes to make things really hard. But the answer to â€Å"How hard is SAT reading?† depends a lot on you, the reader. Are you comfortable reading and analyzing fiction and nonfiction passages? Do you read for pleasure? Do you only read text messages from friends? Let’s look at some of the different types of readers and how they would fair on the SAT reading questions. By the end, you should have a better idea of how hard the SAT reading is and what you will need to do to be a better reader. How hard is SAT Reading if I never read? Never! Really?!? The SAT reading will be extremely difficult if you never read. But this can’t possibly be true because you are reading this sentence right now. No more silly questions. 😛 How Hard is SAT Reading if I only read Tumblr and SnapChat, like, a lot? Honestly, this type of reading will not help much in terms of SAT preparation. Aside from the obvious grammar and spelling liberties that people take when writing on Tumblr or SnapChat, one big difference is that what you read is probably wildly entertaining. The information is relevant to you and your friends and is something you went looking for. It probably involves some level of gossip or silliness—all things that we like. The reading on the SAT is harder than this type of reading because it is wildly boring, or at least that seems to be College Board’s goal. When you like what you are reading, it is much easier to comprehend its meaning. Getting to the end of a passage you enjoy is easy. But if you read something boring, comprehension and completion become much harder. You have to work more to understand what the author is saying. If you are this type of reader, you’ll need to spend a little more time reading more advanced writing and it probably wouldn’t hurt to become more acquainted with the types of passages that are on the test. How hard is SAT Reading if I only read modern fiction? If you are an avid reader, this is a start. Modern fiction can vary in terms of difficulty, but just the mere fact that you like reading and do it often will be an asset. But don’t expect reading all the Twilight books to help you prepare for the SAT. You still have the same issue that the Tumblr readers had—reading for pleasure is not the same as SAT reading. When you lose focus during a pleasure read, you take the time to go back and re-read. Or maybe you just forget about it and keep reading. Or you stop reading altogether. Whatever your response during a pleasure read, your response will need to be different on the SAT. SAT reading is hard because students have to remain focused on a long passage that is boring, even fiction-based passages can be boring. When students form the habit of losing focus and doing nothing, they find it difficult to complete a passage about ecosystems in regions of the Amazon. If you are this type of reader, you’ll need to spend more time working on your focus and active reading. How hard is SAT Reading if I like reading my textbooks? Kudos! Not too many high schoolers like reading textbooks let alone admit reading them for pleasure. Thus far, your textbooks are closer to the level of reading you need for the test. The topics in your textbooks are similar to the topics on the SAT, so you shouldn’t have to worry as much about focus. But, reading a textbook is still not the same as reading on the SAT. Each was written for a different audience. Your textbook was written to educate high schoolers, which means the writers spent time thinking about how to make things easy to understand for you. The SAT passages were written to educate college students. Thus, the material might be the same, but the writing styles, vocabulary, and sentence structure will be more advanced on SAT reading. If you are this type of reader, you’ll need to spend more time reading material that is at a college level. How hard is SAT Reading if I read science journals and art periodicals? You are reading above your grade level, and this will definitely help you on test day. The SAT reading passages are more like the writing in academic journals, and the more you read at this level the easier SAT reading will be. But just because you read at this level, doesn’t mean you can answer the questions on the passage. If you are this type of reader, you’ll need to spend more time learning about common wrong answers and practicing your note taking skills.

Crick and Dodges Theory of Behavior of Children in Social...

Crick and Dodge’s (1994) social information processing model suggests that the ways in which a child behaves in social and relational interactions is based on how a child processes information. According to Crick and Dodge’s model, children are constantly drawing on their biologically determined capabilities, their database (the central location of our memories and schemas) and social cues. Crick and Dodge provide a detailed outline how a child’s mental processing during a social interaction in five steps: 1) Encoding internal/external cues from the environment. Doing so allows one to focus on certain cues that may be vital to the person or the situation at hand. 2) The interpretation of social cues. During the interpretation process, a child will go through one or more individual processes where they will try to make sense of the information (understand others behavior, evaluating their own behavior). All information received during this process is primarily inf luenced by what already exists in their database. 3) Establishing a goal. During this step, a child sets pre-defined goals about the social relationship. These goals are redefined throughout the interaction. 4) Response to a situation. During this, children will examine the possible set of behaviors and the responses. 5) Response decision. A child makes a decision about which behavior to actually engage in. 6) Behavioral enactment is when the child acts upon the behavior. This process is then transferred back intoShow MoreRelatedSocial Information Processing And Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesRelated to Social Information Processing and Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Tiffany L. Williams Post University Abstract This paper looks to examine several sources of research related to the development of aggressive behaviors, and criminality. The purpose of this is to assess several of the factors associated with aggression and criminal behaviors. The paper will focus on Crick and Dodge’s model of Social Information Processing, with specific emphasis on Hostile Attribution Bias theory. In exploring

Criticalpaper And A Rose For Emily - 1653 Words

During the nineteenth century, many women were pressured to fit into their societal roles. Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and William Faulkner wrote stories inspired by those nineteenth-century social issues. Even though Faulkner wrote his story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, 40 years after Gilman’s story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper†, both stories portray several types of nineteenth-century social issues accurately. Because of their knowledge about these social issues, Gilman and Faulkner were able to portray the main characters’ struggles. Both main characters of these stories, the narrator and Emily, become oppressed by their social environments because of the expectations that were placed on them and the values that were instilled. Because†¦show more content†¦Because of her experience as a woman in the nineteenth century, Gilman based her story on the treatment of â€Å"hysteria†. While Gilman’s story focuses on late nineteen century issues, Faulkner writes about a town stuck in early nineteenth century ideals. Before the Civil War, upper-class women were held to the ideal of a â€Å"southern belle†. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture explains that because much of the ideals remained in the late century, the pre-Civil War era women were strongly held to their class hierarchy (268). After the Civil War had ended, the South began to change rapidly. According to The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, â€Å"the Civil War changed the class dynamics of the region† (231). Although the story is set throughout the change of the south, many of the older townspeople are stuck treasuring old ideals and expectations. Emily is continuously held to these grand expectations and eventually falls into â€Å"hysteria† because of them. While the contexts of the issues are different, both of the main characters struggle with the expectations and ideals that are placed on them. Through the expectations a nd values of women in the nineteenth century, Gilman is able to portray the reason for the narrator’s â€Å"hysteria†. Throughout the story, the narrator’s husband seems to belittle most of her statements. In her essay, critic Rula Quawas suggests that the

Anti Tobacco and No-Smoking free essay sample

When you smoke or use smokeless tobacco, your risk of oral cancer goes through the roof. In fact, tobacco use accounts for most oral cancers. Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes; using chewing tobacco; and dipping snuff are all linked to oral cancer. Heavy smokers who use tobacco for a long time are most at risk. The risk increases for tobacco users who drink alcohol heavily. Even the slickest of tobacco executives cant deny the statistics. The bottom lineis that three out of four oral cancers occur in people who use alcohol or tobacco, or both alcohol and tobacco. 1 Tobacco in any form is the enemy of good dental health. This is serious business–dont wait. Schedule a checkup and cleaning with the dentist or hygienist. It’s not an option—dental examinations that include a screening for oral cancer save lives. Oral cancer screening that is part of a dental checkup catches oral cancer early. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti Tobacco and No-Smoking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As with most cancers, the earlier oral cancer is detected, the better a person’s chances for survival! 2 The laundry list of problems associated with smokeless tobacco is long enough—bad breath, stained teeth, loss of taste and smell, mouth (canker) sores, failure of dental implants, and oral cancer. Yet smoking and chewing tobacco are also the main suspects in gum recession, bone loss, and tooth loss associated with periodontal (gum) disease. Smokers who smoke less than a half a pack of cigarettes per day are almost three times more likely than nonsmokers to have periodontitis, according to a study by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 Now that we have your full attention, we’d like you to check the warning signs of oral disease: * Bleeding gums during brushing * Red, swollen, or tender gums Gums that have pulled away from the teeth * Persistent bad breath * Pus between the teeth and gums * Loose or separating teeth * A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite4 The theme of Dental Hygiene Month 2012 is Keep them healthy. Keep them clean. It highlights easy ways to fit first-rate oral health into an active and busy life. If you are thinking about quitting smokeless tobacco or smoking, you’ve actually taken a step toward keeping your mouth clean and healthy by reading this article! If you want to have a confidential chat with a trained professional about taking tobacco out of the picture,  you’re only a click away. You are young, strong, and able! Don’t give  smokeless tobacco  or cigarettes an inch, or they will take your smile. Celebrate Dental Hygiene Month or take action for healthy teeth and gums at any time by making your appointment for a check | Images of some people suffering from different diseases caused due to eating tobacco or smoking – | | | | | | | Stop eating tobacco and smoking†¦. Thank you

Response to Aviation Accidents

Introduction Accidents are common occurrences in the aviation industry. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are responsible for investigating aviation accidents and giving safety recommendations. In addition, they develop rules, policies, and laws to alleviate reduce accidents (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Aviation Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two bodies work together through exchange of information and research findings. The NTSB was founded in 1967 and is responsible for investigating and resolving cases linked to accidents involving various modes of transport (Elliot, 2013). To maintain the board’s autonomy, any information, data, or statistics collected cannot be used as evidence in a court of law. On the other hand, the FAA was founded after enactment of the Federal Aviati on Act of 1958. It oversees operations and activities related to civil aviation. Some of its core roles include issuing and revoking pilot licenses, developing civil aeronautics, regulating aviation standards, and regulating the aviation industry in order to maintain and promote safety (Elliot, 2013). In case of an accident, the two bodies work together to find the cause and offer recommendations. Interaction during investigations The main division of the NTSB involved in accidents investigations is the â€Å"Go Team.† The team’s main role is to commence investigations shortly after an accident has taken place. Team members offer their expertise at the scene of accident in efforts to ascertain the cause. The team comprises several professionals from the Board’s headquarters in Washington who are usually specialists in different fields. Within the FAA, the Office of Accident Investigation and Prevention is involved in accident investigation (Federal Aviation Admi nistration 2011). The office identifies transportation hazards and risks, and consequently develops safety measures aimed at improving safety. The two agencies interact during an accident investigation by carrying out their respective roles. The NTBS main role is to enhance transport safety. It is responsible for investigating aviation, marine, pipelines, and railways accidents (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). On the other hand, the FAA enacts policies and regulations that govern the transport industry. Therefore, the NTBS cannot make any rules or establish new policies to govern the transport sector. However, it can give recommendations o the FAA regarding necessary policies and procedures that can be enacted to improve safety.  During an investigation, the NTBS plays a major role. It investigates the matter thoroughly and determines cause of the accident.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OF F Learn More The FAA is also involved. It sends a representative to the scene of accident to aid in determination of the cause. The role of the representative is to establish whether any rules and regulations were violated, which could have led to the accident. The FAA does not give a final ruling on the matter. The NTSB collects necessary data and information from the scene while the FAA determines whether rules and regulations were violated (Federal Aviation Administration 2011). Together, the two bodies work to determine how and why the accident occurred. Their interaction and cooperation are augmented by their common goal of improving transport safety. During an accident, the FAA helps the NTBS conduct investigation. In addition, it conducts its own investigation to ensure that safety is given priority. FAA investigation of an accident The FAA investigation of an aviation accident involves many aspects. For example, it includes a review of whether the air carrier involv ed in the accident complied with FAA’s rules and regulations, reviews whether the aircraft had necessary maintenance guidelines and manuals, and reviews all the company’s safety guidelines and procedures (Federal Aviation Administration 2013). Other things involved in an investigation include review of pilot’s expertise and medical history, maintenance logbooks, adherence to flight times, and a review of the status of airport structures and amenities. The FAA collects any information that could aid in identifying cause of the accident (Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association 2013). Any information relevant to the investigation is shared with the NTBS investigation committee. After an accident has been reported, the local Flights Standards District Office commences gathering information and data on the possible cause of the accident. The Operations Office within the FAA notifies the NTBS’ headquarters and the responsible local office (Federal Aviation Admini stration 2013). During an investigation, the Operations Center provides teleconferencing and other communication services to help both the FAA and the NTBS teams. Interaction starts before commencement of investigations. The FAA arranges for transportation of NTBS members to the scene of accident. During investigation, the FAA provides additional services to members. These services include medical aid and financial funding. In addition, it provides miscellaneous services such as component testing and research (Federal Aviation Administration, 2013). The NTBS organizes and manages investigation teams and ensures that all necessary tests are carried out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Response to Aviation Accidents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before termination of an investigation, every investigation member must agree to the validity and viability of information collected. During an investigation, the FAA r eviews the recommendations and analyses of the NTBS in relation to aviation guidelines and policies. Investigation by the NTBS Immediately after an aviation accident occurs, the NTBS sends a â€Å"go-team† to the scene of accident within two to three hours (National Transport Safety Board 2009). Prior to the release of the team, the Board sends a representative from the regional or local office to the accident scene. The IIC, an investigation division of the NTBS organizes and manages the investigation team at the scene (National Transport Safety Board 2009). It coordinates and oversees all investigation activities. The representative from the regional office commences investigation before arrival of the go-team. The IIC has several roles in an investigation. First, it ensures that evidence that could lead to identification of the accident cause is secure (Federal Aviation Administration 2013). Second, it identifies any hazardous materials that could be harmful to investigato rs. Third, it manages the crash site. Upon arrival at the scene, NTBS investigation members make a tour of the scene and get a briefing from the officer in charge (National Transport Safety Board 2009). Go-team members form teams to commence investigations. Specialists in areas such as air traffic control, operations, aviation systems, and aircraft performance lead the teams. An aircraft performance specialist carries out most of the investigation by assessing the aircraft’s systems and components for faults (National Transport Safety Board 2009). Another specialist conducts interviews and reviews the aircraft’s records. Tests to determine aircraft defects After an accident, the FAA and NTSB utilize several tests to determine if factors such as structural failure and fire were possible causes of the accident. Some of the methods used to detect defects in aircraft include liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, infrared thermography, sonic, Eddy current, and magnetic particle met hods (Khan 2009). Aircraft structures are easily destroyed by fires and lightning. Therefore, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are used to establish possible causes of damage on aircraft components. Degree of damage depends on type of structure and material used to make the aircraft. The team also gathers additional information and data that assist in determination of the cause of the accident. It collects ATC radar data, weather data from the National Weather Service, transcripts of radio transmissions, and pilot’s medical history (Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association 2013).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eddy current and ultrasonic inspection methods are used to detect tiny cracks in the structure of an aircraft (Khan 2009). In addition, the method is used to measure degree of metal thinning that is caused by corrosion. In extreme cases, X-ray techniques are used to detect defects inside the structure of the aircraft’s components that cannot be detected using other methods (Khan 2009). Liquid penetrant method is used to detect surface defects in the structure of the aircraft. Magnetic particle method is used to detect defects on any ferromagnetic material used in construction of components such as gearboxes, pumps, and shafts. Resonance methods are used to detect weaknesses in bonds between composite structures (Khan, 2009). Report preparation After on-scene investigation, the investigation teams commence a period of report writing that includes combining all their findings (National Transport Safety Board 2004). In addition, the period involves further research that includes gathering of facts and collection of data. Information is collected from public hearings, after which it is analyzed and included in the final report. After presentation of the report, the NTBS establishes follow-up events that go on for a period of over six months to ensure proper implementation of safety recommendations.  The report-writing process begins with a meeting that involves members of the NTBS safety board. They deliberate of activities such as tests and interviews with survivors (National Transport Safety Board 2004). In addition, the team agrees on a date for presentation of the final report. Members that do not belong to NTBS such as FAA members contribute by reviewing, commenting, and offering suggestions on the report draft. If deemed necessary, a public hearing is included in the report-writing process. Public hearing is necessary for accidents that involve massive loss of lives. Participants during a public hearing include survivors, FAA regulators, air traffic controllers, aircraft manufacturers, and fire and rescue professionals (National Transport Safety Board 2004).  The FAA serves a critical role during the report-writing process. It reviews the analytical process and ensures that all regulations relating to aviation safety standards are adhered to (National Transport Safety Board 2004). Its role in the process is minimal. The IIC integrates factual reports from various parties into a final report. In addition, it makes conclusions and recommendations. The report is then given to several agencies that deal with aviation safety such as Office of Research and Engineering (ORE), the Office of Safety Recommendations, and the general counsel. Safety recommendations Recommendations are the most important aspect of an aviation accident investigation. The safety Board is given the responsibility to give recommendations that could improve safety of the aviation industry. The board addresses safety deficiencies and issues recommendations bas ed on findings of the investigation (National Transport Safety Board 2010). The report helps improve safety through implementation of recommendations from the investigation team. The FAA and NTBS give recommendations on how aviation safety could be improved. The NTBS establishes follow-up activities to ensure that recommendations are implemented (National Transport Safety Board, 2010). Conclusion The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are responsible for investigating aviation accidents. In addition, they develop rules, policies, and laws to alleviate the problem of aviation accidents that have been on the increase in recent past. In an aviation accident investigation, the FAA and NTSB work together in efforts to find the cause. Each of the agencies plays a different role. For example, the NTSB collects data and information related to the accident and analyzes it. On the other hand, the FAA reviews findings of the NTSB and finds out whether any aviation rules and regulations were violated, which could have been a cause of the accident. During an investigation, the NTSB and FAA conduct several tests to detect defects in the structure of the aircraft. Tests are meant to determine whether factors such as fires and lightning were causes of the accident. These tests include destructive and non-destructive tests. Methods used for non-destructive tests include liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, infrared thermography, sonic, Eddy current, and magnetic particle methods. References Aircraft Owners and Pilot Association: Accident Analysis. (2013). Retrieved from  http://www.aopa.org/Pilot-Resources/Safety-and-Technique/Accident-Analysis.aspx Elliot, P. (2013). NTBS an FAA investigate Air Show Crash. Retrieved from  http://www.wdtn.com/dpp/news/local/montgomery/ntsb-and-faa-investigate-air-show-crash#.Ud0ycJDu2t8 Federal Aviation Administration: Lessons Learned from Transport Airplane Accidents.  (2011). Retrieved fr om http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/ Federal Aviation Administration: Accidents and Incidents Data. (2013). Retrieved from  http://www.faa.gov/data_research/accident_incident/ Khan, A. Non-Destructive Testing Applications in Commercial Aircraft Maintenance.  (2009). Retrieved from http://www.ndt.net/article/ecndt98/aero/031/031.htm National Transport Safety Board: The investigative Process at NTSB. (2009). Retrieved  from http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process.html. National Transport Safety Board: Aircraft Accident Report. (2004). Retrieved from  http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/fulltext/AAB0603.html National Transport Safety Board: Safety Recommendation History. (2010). Retrieved  from http://www.ntsb.gov/SafetyRecs/Private/history.aspx?rec=A-10-030addressee=FAA This essay on Response to Aviation Accidents was written and submitted by user Marc Shelton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Bomb that Saved Millions essays

The Bomb that Saved Millions essays The atomic bomb and it's use over the two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still a source of heated debate even over fifty years later. Many people on both sides -Japan and The United States- hold the belief that Truman's decision to drop the bomb was a mistake and that under no circumstances should such drastic measures be taken in war. What these people do not realize are the far more horrible alternatives than the destruction of just two cities: an invasion of mainland Japan where millions of more deaths would have occurred, Soviet aid resulting in the division of Japan into a communist nation and the destruction of their culture, the deaths of thousands of Allied prisoners of war held in Japan, and the threat of renewed hostilities from Japan not to mention the possibility of several more years of bloody conflict. Throughout the course of this paper all of these examples will be discussed, as well as why Truman's decision was the most humane and rational for all the n ations involved, including Japan. Axis power in Europe was destroyed, Hitler and Mussolini were dead, their armies annihilated, their nation's in ruins, Japan however was not. Though weakened from a near four year long war with the Allies, the Japanese continued fighting, as was their code, to fight to the death, and never surrender. President Harry Truman in the interest of saving both American and Japanese lives from an invasion of mainland Japan, authorized the use atomic bombs against Japan. The first atomic bomb to be used on Japan was composed of uranium. It was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945. The explosion, which had the force of more than 15,000 tons of TNT, instantly and completely devastated 10 square kilometers of the heart of this city of 343,000 inhabitants. Of this number, 66,000 were killed immediately and 69,000 were injured, more than 67 percent of the city's structures were destroyed or damaged. The next atomic bomb ...

Choose one art piece , and a theory that can be related to that art Essay

Choose one art piece , and a theory that can be related to that art piece and relate the theory and the art piece - Essay Example However, the theories are inaccurate, in exhaustive, bias and incomplete (Winona State U 1). This paper focuses on â€Å"The Last Supper† painting by Leonardo da Vinci and analyzes the art through imitation theory of art. Imitation theory considers art as an imitation of life, thus art resembles actual objects, events or even persons. Moreover, the imitation generates aesthetic response within the audience (Jahn 1). The painting was done by Leonardo da Vinci in the period 1495-1498 and forms part of famous artworks in the world. Leonardo, an artist, engineer, scientist, humanist, author, inventor, and architect was a great man born 1452 in Italy and died 1519 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). This big fresco like artwork was done on the wall of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan city, Italy is a false fresco since the painting was done on a dry wall rather than a wet wall. The painting is a perfect subject and match for dining hall within a monastery and depicts the ritual meal as a form of religious ceremony among Christians. Therefore, Leonardo’s work imitates the Last Supper where Christ shared his final meal with the disciples before arrest and crucifixion. He tells his disciples that he will be betrayed by one of them and soon depart from them. In the group of threes, various disciples react to the news with group on the far left looking surprised. They could probably think that they cannot betray their master. In the next group, there could be Judas who appears to hold a bag that could contain silver (The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1). Sitting behind him is Peter, the number one disciple of Jesus and who appears angered by the statement. The other person next to Peter is a probably a younger apostle who appears to swoon. The Last Supper painting is a form of imitation theory resembling the actual biblical event whereby Christ had his last meals with the

White lies and integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

White lies and integrity - Essay Example In the political arena, it is particularly unacceptable for elected officials to hide facts from the people as they would prevent them from making informed decisions on public affairs and policy. In the personal sphere, some people may find white lies more justifiable. A common example is a loving family member who attempts to hide the negative prognosis of her dying relatives, fearing that the bad news will further aggravate the relative’s health. Although such a lie may sound more like an act of love, it remains a violation to another person’s autonomy as it takes away her chance to evaluate the decision and make the best decision for herself. Every person has the natural right to freedom and each rational human being should be the most capable person to determine what his/her best interest is. Thus, not only are white lies dishonest and lack integrity, they may be self-defeating in the sense that they may at the end harm instead of protect the person. Returning to the example of the dying relative: if the relative has known that she is dying soon, she would have ended the hospital treatment and spend the remaining of her life relaxing at home; however, since she does not know the true prognosis, she continues the hassle of going to the hospital every day. In this case, her health may be harmed by the white lie. She would be better off if her relative tells her the truth and allow her to decide for herself. Projecting this line of argument to the bigger picture, we as Americans may be hurt by the so-called white lies government officials present to us. This issue is especially controversial as the concern towards national security and international terrorism is severely heightened. After the 911 attack, it appears that the Bush Administration was allowed to conduct every operation in the â€Å"war of terrorism† under the name of homeland

Disneys Mission & Values Essay Example for Free

Disneys Mission Values Essay For a company like Disney, maintaining its brand name and reputation is a daily struggle. With its mission statement, value, and approach to social responsibility, management does their best to ensure that no one tarnishes Disney’s good name. Every shareholder, critic, and citizen keeps a close eye on Disney, as the name resonates greatly among children and parents worldwide. So, every year they release a statement presenting and explain their goals online. Last year, it was under the title â€Å"Citizenship Targets 2012. † The following goals and vision will discuss these goals more in depth. Disney’s vision is â€Å"to be the most admired company in the world: equally admired for the integrity of our people and the way we behave as citizens of the world, as we are for the quality of our exceptional entertainment experiences (Citizenship at Disney, 2012).† By acting with integrity, professionalism, and goodwill, Disney work to earn the public trust daily. During the 2013 BCS National Championship game between Notre Dame and Alabama, broadcasters Brent Musberger and Kirk Herbstreit spotted 23-year-old Katherine Webb among the 90,000+ fans attending the game. What followed was a conversation in which both parties recognizing a woman’s beauty (Nordyke, 2013). Many believed that both men were creepy and over the top, prompting ESPN to immediately apologize to the fans for Musberger’s remarks (Soltys, 2013). Though the actual comments were not derogative in any sort of way, because ESPN is under Disney’s control, should management not acted the way they did, the corporation’s reputation would take a hit. Since Disney’s vision is oriented towards family values, this minor incident might have impact the way people see this organization. Aside from this incident, Disney stakeholders have very little reason to complain about their company’s actions throughout the years. Corporate has proven to be transparent on their yearly reports. They first point out that â€Å"working with stakeholders enhances our ability to address issues†¦We actively listen to and learn from stakeholders and provide them with information to better understand our actions and intentions (Corporate Citizenship, 2010, pp 9).† By conducting yearly meetings, providing surveys, and distributing contact information, Disney has done everything in their power to actively engage stakeholders and their concerns. It is rarely seen that a company is so active in connecting with their clients. Yesterland’s founder Werner Weiss shares his experience from the 2012 Annual Meeting of Shareholders: â€Å"The meeting began with a nicely made video about Walt Disney’s connection to Missouri, including his childhood in Marceline, his later childhood in Kansas City, and his pre-Hollywood career in Kansas City. I didn’t expect to learn anything new at the meeting. A shareholder meeting is not a forum for announcements about new attractions or movies. And when a shareholder asks a question about something that might happen in the future, the executive who answers will not knowingly disclose a company secret. Actually, there was an announcement. Disney President and CEO Bob Iger announced Heroes Work Here, a program to provide at least 1,000 jobs throughout the Disney Company for returning U.S. veterans over the next three years (Weiss, 2012).† This is almost expected from Disney when conducting meetings with stakeholders and clients alike. No information is held back. There are no surprises. Since stakeholders invested in the company, such as Weiss’s 38 shares, Disney is upfront to everyone, minimizing any misinterpretation and confusion about their vision towards the future. At the beginning of the year, Disney will set goals on many topics such as waste, water, corporate giving, diversity, and safety. From the 2010 Corporate Citizenship Report, Disney will lay out their goals according to their three main principles: Act, Champion, and Inspire. They work their due diligence to accomplish these goals and look ahead into the future. When the report is finalized and published, Disney does an excellent job in showing both progress and setbacks of these projects. An illustration is shown here (Disney, 2013): According to its 2010 report, for example, Disney’s long term goal is to â€Å"send zero waste to landfill.† To accomplish this, their short-term targets are to â€Å"decrease solid waste to landfill to 50% of 2006 baseline by 2013† and â€Å"increase percentage of purchases that include post-consumer recycled material (Disney â€Å"Environment†, 2013).† From 2009-2010, Disney fell short of their target of 150,000 tons of its waste target. Information such as this gives stakeholders a chance to present ideas in meeting this goal or focus elsewhere. Any company can give positive highlights financially and illustrate their involvement to the community. Yet, how many companies show their failures as well? Among other positive developments coming from their citizenship report (Frost, 2011): * â€Å"Announcement of a comprehensive set of commitments and metrics that address Disney’s worldwide business impacts and opportunities. * Global expansion of programs aimed at inspiring kids, parents, and communities to make a difference in the world. Disney Friends for Change, now in 19 countries, has rallied 2.5 million kids to take pledges for the environment. Disney Magic of Healthy Living, launched in September, partners with parents and kids to make healthy choices simple and fun. * Investment of $15.5 million in carbon offset projects around the world as part of Disney’s Climate Solutions Fund, the Company’s internal carbon pricing program. * Release of Disney’s Human Rights Policy Statement, with the aim of more clearly articulating the Company’s commitment to respecting human rights. * Detailed data and progress updates on Disney’s supply chain and environmental footprint * Corporate charitable contributions of $198 million, and more than 548,000 hours of VoluntEAR service contributed by Disney employees.† With these actions, stakeholders have first-hand information needed when electing officials, and presenting ideas in which to improve the company overall. Not only are they worried about putting a great product, but they also want the see the company’s growth, impact on society, and how they deliver on their missions and values. This, in the end, will affect the bottom line for stakeholders. Disney furthers its goodwill with stakeholders with launching a â€Å"Heroes Work Here† campaign in 2012. This program allows for military veterans to transition to a career in security, finance, legal, information technology, or many other areas that fits their experience. For the next three years, there will be over 1,000 jobs available (Disney â€Å"Heroes†, 2013). It’s Disney’s way of expressing gratitude for those who served this nation. Leading the front in appreciating veterans is ESPN. The sports juggernaut visit military posts, and even host sporting events at their facilities. This past year, ESPN announced a college basketball game featuring Michigan State and North Carolina aboard San Diego Harbor’s USS Carl Vinson. Popular show First Take televised an episode inside Fort Sam Houston near San Antonio, TX. Also, ESPN worked with USO in donations for soldiers serving overseas in Iraq and Afghanistan (Team ESPN, 2013). Disney Initiative At Disney, we are committed to improving the welfare of the environment. Our goals and actions reflect that idea. Though much progress has been made during the past few years, we acknowledge that we have a long way to go in preserving our habitat. As you’ll see on our 2010 Citizenship report, we have an outline on what we can accomplish with your help. Our strategies in preserving our environment will focus on the following: energy, waste, and water. Energy Our long-term goals are to â€Å"achieve zero net direct greenhouse gas emissions† and â€Å"reduce indirect greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption.† In order to accomplish that, we achieve to reduce consumption by 10% with our current assets by 2013, and to pursue â€Å"renewable sources of electricity to reduce emissions from electricity.† In 2010, our energy consumption decreased to 6.6% from 2006 (Disney â€Å"Environment†, 2013): Waste In order to help the environment, Disney is targeting a zero waste to landfill long-term. By 2013, we are targeting a 50% solid waste to landfill, which is over 137,556 tons. During this time, we have increased our focus in recycling programs in all venues associated with Disney. For example, all merchandise bags at our resorts are made from 100% recycled plastic. Here is our progress so far (Disney â€Å"Waste†, 2013): Water One of Disney’s most important resources of daily operations is the consummation of freshwater. We are striving to save water for future generations. Without it, we will be unable to supply human needs, ensure healthy ecosystems, and maintaining business security. Disney has begun implementing water consumption plans in 2012. An example lies in our resorts, as new efficient washers were installed in 2010. The new technology has improved efficiency by 20% since then (Disney â€Å"Water†, 2013). With these three programs, Disney is working at making a positive impact on the environment. Your help and contributions can help make a difference. References Disney. (2013). Waste. Retrieved January 17, 2013 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/citizenship2010/environment/overview/waste/ Disney. (2013). Climate and energy. Retrieved January 17, 2013 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/citizenship2010/environment/overview/climateandenergy/ Disney. (2013). Water. Retrieved January 17, 2013 from http://corporate.disney.go.com/citizenship2010/environment/overview/water/ Disney. (2013). Overview. Retrieved January 17, 2013 from http://heroesworkhere.disney.com/overview Frost, J. (2011, March 22). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://thedisneyblog.com/2011/03/22/disney-company-releases-2010-corporate-responsibility-report/ Nordyke, K. (2013, January 08). Espn apologizes for brent musburgers comments about aj mccarrons girlfriend. Retrieved from http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/espn-apologizes-brent-musburgers-comments-410134 Soltys, M. (2013, January 08). Twitlonger [Twitter message]. Retrieved from http://www.twitlonger.com/show/k l9vfj Team ESPN. (2013). Heroes work here. Retrieved January 17, 2013 from http://team.espn.com/top_menu/vets_military Weiss, W. (2012, March 16). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.yesterland.com/wdcmeeting2012.html

Australopithecus Afarensis :: essays papers

Australopithecus Afarensis The species A. afarensis is one of the better known australopithecines, with regards to the number of samples attributed to the species. From speculations about their close relatives, the gorilla and chimpanzee, A. afarensis’ probable social structure can be presumed. The species was named by Johanson and Taieb in 1973. This discovery of a skeleton lead to a heated debate over the validity of the species. The species eventually was accepted by most researchers as a new species of australopithecine and a likely candidate for a human ancestor. Australopithecus afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. The distinctive characteristics of A. afarensis were: a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, no chin, more humanlike teeth, pelvis and leg bones resembled those of modern man. Females were smaller than males. Their sexual dimorphism was males:females; 1.5. A. afarensis was not as sexually dimorphic as gorillas, but more sexually dimorphic than humans or chimpanzees. A lot of scientists think that Australopithecus afarensis was partially adapted to climbing the trees, because the fingers and toe bones of the species were curved and longer than the ones of the modern human. A. afarensis is classified as an ape, not a human. It is a Hominid, which is an ape closely related to human beings. The first fossils of a skeleton were found at Hadar; a site in northeastern Ethiopia. The team named the skeleton â€Å"Lucy† after the Beatles song, â€Å"Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds.† In terms of overall body size, brain size and skull shape, "Lucy" resembles a chimpanzee. However, A. afarensis has some surprisingly human characteristics. For example, the way the hip joint and pelvis articulate indicates that "Lucy" walked upright like a human, not like a chimp. This means that upright posture and bi-pedalism preceded the development of what we would recognize as human beings and human intelligence. All non-human primates sleep in the trees at night. So, it would seem to be that A. afarensis slept in trees also. Their skeletal structure agrees with their arboreal lifestyle. â€Å"The large premolars of A. afarensis suggests they were frugivores, and the thick enamel on the teeth suggests they may have eaten nuts, grains, or hard fruit pies† (Boyd and Silk, p.

Micro and macro theories in political science focus

INTRODUCTION Countries exist to interact with other nations and states in the international arena. Thus, no country or nation is an island unto itself. As a result of this, isolation from international activities becomes very impossible. In the course of interaction countries tries to gain advantage over other countries, and this has been the basis of conflict and disagreement. Sometimes, if this is not properly handled it will lead to war.Scholars from different academic disciplines have posited many causes of war. Thus, the great debate over why war occurs has been approached from different dimension. For the historians, scholars like A.J. P. Taylor famously described wars as being like traffic accidents. But this approach has been criticized in the view that some leaders of states make conscious decision in embarking in war and this is not accidental.   For the Psychologist, human beings, especially men are inherently violent.This violence displacement where a person transfers t heir grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic groups, nations, or ideologies â€Å"(Wikibooks: 2005).   Other psychologists argue that the mental unbalanced state of men who rule and control a nation, combine with their human temperament has been the basis of the occurrence of war. â€Å"This school argues leaders that seek war such as Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal; screening process, such as election, could prevent these types from coming to power, war would end†.   (ibid.).The Anthropologists see the occurrence of war as a fundamentally cultural, learnt by nurture rather than nature. The Sociologists have Plethora of perspective in seeing the occurrence of war. Some see war as the product of domestic conditions, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Others that differ from the traditional approach argue that it is the decision of statesmen and the geopolitical situation that leads to war.   T he Economist argues war can be seen as an outgrowth of economic competition in a chaotic and competitive international system.Having looked at the diverse and divergent viewpoint from which these scholars from different discipline has posited as the cause of war, this write up tend to look at the political aspect of why war occurs. As a result of this, various theories in the political science field would be applied to enumerate the reason behind the occurrence of war.DEFINITION OF TERMS Political science has been described as a hospitable umbrella for many disciplines all connected somehow with the operations of government or people acting in relation to government.According to Alfred Cobban, as quoted in Oyediran (1998:3), Political Science is a devise invented by university teachers for avoiding that dangerous subject politics without achieving Sciences†.Thus, political science is that social science discipline that seek to study government and how politics that has to do w ith the use of power, rule and authority in any human relationship is being conducted.The study of political science, the normative and the positive approach is adopted while scholars, such as Plato and Aristotle sought to identify the characteristics of politics, their causes and effects, leaving aside moral judgements about their goodness or badness. Therefore, it is seen that modern political scientists adopt a positive theory to issues that pertain to the field of study, hence, †what ought to be†. (Robert Dahl cited by Gerring, 2005:2).THEORY: Theory is defined as abstraction from the real world in order to give explanation to phenomenon. Thus, theories give explanation to the relationship that exists between variables. Theories are tested hypotheses that are generally accepted it is used through known facts to give an explanation to the unknown.WAR: War can be defined as conflict that arises from disagreement, which result into military combat and the end results wh ich is destruction of lives and properties.War can be classified into civil wars and foreign wars. Civil wars, are those wars that occur within a nation or a state as a result of the emergence of factions that are loyal to an identified group. A typical example of civil war in contemporary time is the civil war in Liberia in the 1990s, between late Samuel Deo faction and Charles Taylor faction. Another typical example of civil war is the 1967 to 1970 civil war in Nigeria, between the Federal troop and the Biafra faction that seek to secede from the Nigeria Federation.Foreign war is war that involves combat between or among sovereign nation or states. Example of this is World War 1 and World War II.In recent times the war between Iraq and Kuwait, and the US Allied Forces in the 1990s.Another version of war in contemporary political world is the cold war that had existed after the world war associated with the bipolar bloc i.e. the eastern bloc and the western bloc. This cold war is u nlike the real combat war where physical and military combat is carried out, but it has to do with war in international arena, that pertains to foreign policies and international pacts and agreement, that tend to be contended for:This cold war has made many countries to support either of the two factions. But, some countries, like in Africa adopt a different stand, the Non Aligned Movement is pursued as the foreign policies in these black nation. The cold war suddenly collapse in 1989, this brought an end to the bipolar structure of the international system.POLITICAL THEORIES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WAR Political theories on the emergence of state can be utilized to explain the occurrence of war. Here, the Hobbessian theory of state and the force theory are readily applicable to why nation engage in war.The Hobbissian theory postulated by Thomas Hobbes, explain the human state of existence in what he called the â€Å"state of nature†. According to him, â€Å"nature has made man so equal in faculties of the body and mind and though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another is not considerable as that one man can claim to himself any benefit to which another may not possess as well as he† (Hobbes, 1946).The equality of man here means they tend to nurse the same aspirations and desires, ends and the same hope. But the uniformity of aspiration tend to be evoke problem since the resources e.g. power, political influence, is a scarce resource that can not go round every body. Thus, it become problematic when two persons desire the same thing, which they cannot both obtain, they are likely to become enemies and always will seek to destroy one another.In applying this scenario to sovereign states, the scarce resources that each state seeks to obtain for itself, this brings about competition and invariably lead to the emergence of war, if such competition gets to the extreme and the level of tolerance become s unbearable. According to Ighadola (2000: 12), â€Å"human competitiveness for status symbols are always characterized by fighting where this happens outside the preview of any settled and civilized state, the picture of the â€Å"state of nature† comes to the fore boldly†.The state of nature as stipulated by Thomas Hobbes, is the time when men lived without a common power to keep them in check; i.e. every man is a government and law unto himself, there is no formal contract to the establishment of state and government. In state of nature, war of every man against every man was the perceptual condition of human relations. Thus, man is brutal and exhibited a hostile tendency towards those around him. It is also argued that, â€Å"War, as Hobbes used the concept, did not necessarily denote actual fighting, rather it meant the disposition to fight† (ibid)Man in the state of nature did not engage in perpetual warfare, he was only perpetually inclined to fight to ac quire what he desired and to protect what he already possessed. The inclination in man to be aggressive in competition and fight is moderated by the fear of death. Thus, the disposition to fight to is further heightened by the absence of centralized authority. In the international political arena before the emergence of international organization like the United Nation, the broke out of World War I and the emergence of World War II, is as a result of absence of a strong centralized International authority. The League of Nations collapsed as a result of the Second World War. This led to the emergence of the United Nations; that is acting as a centralized authority in the international arena, in preventing the outbreak of conflicts among nations or states.Another angle of the Hobbessains theory sees Man’s selfishness and self- seeking nature ensures, without a superior restraining force, the condition of the state of nature that would remain permanent. This results in a threat to the condusive actualization of human potentials and insecurity. In applying this to the emergence of wars among nations, it is seen that the selfishness and self-seeking nature of some nation has prompted them into encroaching into the rightful possession of other nation. In order to defend their possession, these other nation would recourse to protect itself by engaging in war. Most times, this has been the base of war among nations.Thus, Hobbes has proffered a centralized authority that is imposed in one individual as a solution to avert this state of nature, so as to prevent the brutish and aggressive nature in man, and thus, reducing the outbreak of war.Critics have pointed out that Hobbes advocacy of absolute power puts a hole in his argument. The central authority or sovereign should operate the law made, fairly and equitably among the people not absolute authority in one man. Thus, central power is advocated that is democratic, in place of the sovereign ruler of Hobbes. Th is is because the sovereign ruler is taken from society and has its own selfish desire, which could lead to autocratic rule, i.e., he cannot be outside society and therefore cannot be above the law. (ibid:15).Another political theory that can be use to advocate for the emergence of war is the Marxist theory. Karl Marx theory concentrates both on political and economic perspective of the state.   In his view, the society is divided into two main classes, i.e. the bourgeoisie and the proletariats, and this has always been the driving force behind conflict in society and its attendant social change.Marxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. ( Wikibooks, 2005).Marx and Engels posited in The German ideology that with all the mischief’s contradictions a nd crisis inherent in the capitalist mode of production, the proletariat bears the entire burden without enjoying its advantages, they become isolated from society. Having been driven to the wall, they are forced into the most decided antagonism to the other class because an alienated man is a revolutionary man. (Marx, et al, 1977).Hence, Karl Marx see wars as a natural outgro9wth of the free market and class system, and will not disappear until a world revolution occurs. According to Ighodalo (2000:20), â€Å"the expectation of Marx is that the destruction of the capitalist system would lead to the end of class antagonism, since the basis of it property ownership would have been eliminated thereby creating a classless society where all give according to his/ her ability and receive according to his/ her needs.†Another theory of the evolution of state that can be applied to the reason why war occurs is the Force theory. This school of thought holds that the state is a creatio n of conquest and coercion of the weak by the strong. The state was seen as evil because it was a way of oppressing the poor. However, German writers of the 19th century, contended that force was an essential attribute of a state. (Oyediran, 1998:19). The   Force theory can really be adduce as a basis why war emerge between nation.Countries that are strong and have mighty military force had in the past annexed weak countries to themselves. They succeeded in doing this by embarking on war with them. In 1939, Finland’s decision to resist the invasions and annexation aggression of Soviet led to the Winter War. â€Å" Though cases of invasion and annexations that did not lead to a war abound; such as the U.S. led invasion of Haiti in 1994, the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia preceding the Second World War, and the annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940.CONCLUSION The different Political Theorist has directed their argument on the reason why wa r occurs, even though not in the same tone and direction, the fact that the selfish interest and self- seeking nature of man and government, has been identified as a major reason why war has been a recurrent factor in the international arena. Even internally, where civil war occurs within the boundary of a country this has retained the same causal factor. The fact is traceable down line immemorial of historical war among nations.Furthermore, the scarce resource, such as power has been a basis for the eruption of conflicts among nations, since these resource cannot go round, it tend to be conflictual.REFERENCESAkhakpe, Ighodalo, (2000), Leading Issues in Political Thought. Lagos: A- Triad Associates Publishers & Printers.Gerring, John (2005), A Normative Turn in Political Science? Boston University Department of Political Science.Hobbes, Thomas (1946), Leviathan Oxford: Basil Blackwill Ltd.  Oyediran, Oyeleye (1998), Introduction to Political Science. Lagos:——-Wikiboo ks (2005), â€Å" International relations: The Causes of War† https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/International_Relations:The_Causes_of_war. (3rd August, 2005)

The Holocaust A Racist Leader Making Everyone Hate The...

A genocide is a event where a large amount of people get killed for being different, they can have a different belief, or just by being part of a different race. The holocaust was one of the worst genocides ever in human history but it wasn t the only genocide in this world full of unequal people. The holocaust was done because of a racist leader making everyone hate the Jews for really inhuman reasons. Making people join his way of thought.They felt that the most powerful and best race was the tall, white, blue-eyed people. This made other people in other countries think, eliminating those you don t like or are in the way, this caused them to hate others for being different. Then they started doing very gruesome things, and†¦show more content†¦They were more peaceful and worked hard. In the nineteenth century europe colonized africa and divided it up into pieces, Germany got Rwanda, but after the world war , they couldn’t keep keep it and gave it to the Belgians, they made great contact with the tutsis. In 1933 Belgium issued ethnic identification cards to them to see who were tutsi and who were the hutu. The belgians made sure that more jobs and education went to the tutsis rather than the hutu. Then democracy came and Belgium went to the Hutu’s side, later Rwanda got its independence from the belgians, but there was still war between the tutsi and the hutu, they killed and killed each other, until the tutsi started fleeing into bordering countries. Near the 1990’s the tutsi were getting a bit â€Å"home sick† so they gathered a rebel army named the â€Å"RPF† they came to Rwanda to try to sort things out. But the hutu heard of this and started making speeches, â€Å"the tutsi will make you into slaves, and take over your family†, â€Å"The tutsi are coming†. And made the tutsi look like bad people who the hutu feared. The two countries, (where the tutsi where and where the hutu where, Rwanda). T hey tried to sort things out but the hutu were dying of fear. On April, 4th, 1994, the tutsi attacked and killed the president. Then the next one hundred days of genocide will begin to eliminate all hutu. This didn’t shock the bordering countries as much because they knew the hutu, and the tutsi will never getShow MoreRelatedThe World Of The Holocaust3420 Words   |  14 PagesThe Holocaust (Ancient Greek word for: a sacrifice completely burnt on the altar) also known as the Shoah (Hebrew word for: which specifically denotes the Nazi effort to annihilate the Jew, â€Å"catastrophic†), was the methodical, administrative, state-sponsored persecution of the murder of six million Jewish People, between 30th January 1933 to 8th May 1945. 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